THE VERSION of LOSS ATOMIC  SUBMERSIBLE of "KURSK"
                 The Author - Oleg Teslenko <C>
     Command of the Russian fleet has stated judgement, that  the
crash  atomic  submersible  of  "Kursk"  has  taken  place   from
collision  with  the  large  buoyant  object.  And  though   some
experimental seamen at once have not agreed with it, but also the
author would like to add the spoon of tar. In first: with "Kursk"
have remained all periscopes antenna are pushed and  other  sword
arms is means, that she(it) went on periscope to depth - about 10
meters, and basically its(her) tank could not touch any a vessel,
because the vessels with a settling of 10 meters are  simply  too
great and are known all, and usual settling of  merchant  vessels
of 6-8 m. Besides as all periscopes were pushed,  means  in  them
order observation, and hardly would skip a vessel  ahead  of  the
course.  The  handle  of  civil  fleet  informs,  that  as    the
militarians produced the doctrines in  the  given  region,  there
basically there could not be no  peace  vessels  at  all  -  they
beforehand were notified and are remote  from  that  region,  and
atomic submersible of "Kursk" it was simple there  is  nobody  to
collide. In addition is possible to  tell,  that  submersible  of
this type - extremely large and strong, and at collision is  high
probability, what not she(it) would receive damage,  and  on  the
contrary - vessel adjoined with By  it(her).  Business  that  for
such submersible two tanks: strong internal - with width  of  the
metallic plating about 50 mms, and  more  thin  outboard  -  with
width not less than 10 mms, that is, in the sum about 60 mms. And
for all peace merchant vessels the width of  the  plating  hardly
reaches(achieves) 10-15 mms. For whom  the  plating  is  thicker,
that has the large durability, that is at collision will  receive
smaller damages. But if "Kursk" from sunk ostensibly from impact,
another means a vessel too should perish! And you see  any  peace
vessel has not stated the damages and did not transmit  a  signal
"SOS"! To hide corruptings tank of the large size from impact  at
collision in one port it is impossible - as it  is  necessary  to
reach him(it) still, and to not sink on a road...
     Precisely as the supposition of higher grades of the Russian
naval fleet about collision of  "Kursk"  with  other  submersible
madly looks. If it was Russian, about it it became known  a  same
minute. If opposite(on the contrary) - foreign, she(it) could  be
only American. But also it is absolutely impossible.  Because  at
such collision, when Russian boat at once sunk, also another  too
should receive strongest hull damages. And at  anyone  water  any
submarine in The first queue is by all means obliged to emerge in
surface trim, especially American, for which accumulate  floating
than for Russian much less.  But  even  having  come  in  a  port
damaged submersible here is obliged to rise on large repair, that
by all means it will be known to all world.
    But even more ridiculously initial version of the naval heads
looked: ostensibly Russian submarine has encountered the old mine
and from its(her) explosion has received fatal  damages.  Protest
to this  same. Naval  polygon  for  50  years  after  war  travel
lengthways and across, and any anchor mine on  it(him)  basically
be saved could not, yes they  within  the  second  world  war  on
northern theatre more  than  year  were  not  held  -  ices  were
deleted. As "Kursk" went on periscope  to  depth,  when  its(her)
deck from a surface has trimmed about 10 meters, but  the  anchor
mine from a surface is held no more than  3  meters  -  collision
them it is impossible. And for the ground mine - the depth is too
great: hundred meters. On such depth she(it) will not  work,  and
its(her) explosion of a harm will not bring.
                       ******************
    There is an alternate version:  explosion  ammunition  itself
atomic  submersible.  She(it)  was  put  forward  by(with)   some
experimental captains of naval fleet. This version is  unpleasant
to the military heads, as at once lays It would  be  possible  to
shift all fault on the naval orders, whereas in the version about
collision a part of fault on external circumstances on  notorious
"enemies". The essence of the  version  that  at  start-up  of  a
torpedo or missile she(it) has blown up. However, here again  are
available protest. Business that  any  modern  high-power  battle
resource whether it be 533-cross-section torpedo  or  the  cruise
missile has some degrees of protection from spontaneous operation
- Simply of fuses(safety devices). And the operation of  exploder
mechanisms is possible not earlier, than she(it) will pass  cable
length from a boat (order two hundred meters).  Same  and  for  a
missile. The device of torpedo tubes is ideally completed -  them
is made hundreds pieces, and such  troubles  as  explosion  of  a
torpedo in the means for anybody  did  not  happen.  And  "Kursk"
torpedo tube shot from repeatedly.
    Speak about possibility of explosion gunpowder of a drive  of
a missile. However, a little who knows, that  as  gunpowders  for
missiles the most slowly shining gunpowder  will  be  used  which
basically can  not  blow  up,  and  is  capable  only  to  shine.
Absolutely other  business,  if  onboard  atomic  submersible  of
"Kursk" there were torpedoes by fuel  grounded  on  perioxide  of
hydrogen.  This  substance  is  capable  spontaneously   to    be
decomposed and to blow up. But all the  same  are  necessary  for
this  purpose  the  special  conditions:  or  fire    inside    a
submersible, or hole of a fuel bowl of a torpedo. And it  already
is improbable. But the main breached from explosion of a  torpedo
is rather local - holds the limited region a dia about 8  meters.
And length of a bow torpedo room from a stem up to his(its) after
bulkhead makes approximately two lengths of a torpedo by everyone
till eight meters one torpedo in a  torpedo  launcher  tube,  and
following(next) on a storage rack behind it(him). That is, length
of bow bay is twice more than a diameter of a breached. It means,
that the visible corruptings from  torpedo  explosion  would  owe
will be limited to the first bay, and actually they have captured
the second bay and third, therefore size of  deformation  of  the
boat plating about forty meters - any torpedo it not under force.
    The items of information from the  Norwegian  side  now  have
acted(arrived), that their seismic servers just at the moment  of
a crash have fixed two explosions -  first  weak,  and  second  -
strong. Assume, that first there was  an  explosion  of  a  small
amount of gas hydrogen, and second is ostensibly  explosion  boat
ammunition. But also this judgement  the  large  error.  Business
that after the first explosion water Incoming inside  of  a  boat
fast has flooded a fore end, and it completely has saved  her(it)
of  probability  of  a  detonation  of  any  explosive.  If   two
explosions in time have merged in one, then it would be  possible
to speak about call of the second explosion first. And as between
them there was a period more than second, means  detonations  was
not. As all know - water extinguishes a fire, and the  combustion
of gunpowder in general can  be  extinguished(put  out)  only  by
water: not Apply an inundation of cellars  ammunition  by  water.
Therefore first explosion on "Kursk"  called(caused)  a  breached
could not by her(it) call(cause) explosion of  an  ammunition  in
any way.
                      *********************
    But in opinion of the author, other  reason  of  loss  atomic
submersible  of  "Kursk"  is  most  probable  absolutely  is   an
explosion of hydrogen. This dangerous gas is known for  all.  The
force of his(its) explosion on kg of a weight is greater than for
TNT. The unique(sole) happiness for the Earth, that  hydrogen  is
much  easier  than  air  and  consequently  it(he)   very    fast
улетучив ется, not creating explosion-dangerous concentration. It
is necessary to tell, that the  hydrogen  blows  up,  if  it(him)
there are more than 4 %.  Such  mixture  of  a  small  amount  of
hydrogen and air is named as  "gas  hydrogen".  At  discovery  of
hydrogen the last century one scientist has inhaled  it(him),  so
in a mouth there was an insignificant amount - about  the  100-th
long of gramme, but  anything  singular  has  not  experienced  -
neither taste nor smell.  And  then  it(he)  has  taken  and  has
exhaled it(him) on a flame of a candle. The small  explosion  was
distributed, recollecting this horror  and  pain,  the  scientist
wrote: "I thought - my cogs turn to a dust!".
    In spite of the fact that the  submersible  of  "Kursk"  only
atomic, but on any atomic submarine all the  same  is  present  a
small accumulator battery. And by its(her) operation in  size  of
bay all time in small amounts  is  selected(allocated)  hydrogen.
The version is, that for any reason her(it) burn of hydrogen have
ceased to consult(cope) with arrival of hydrogen, which, however,
was selected(allocated) very little - probably all  some  gramme.
However in any bay of a boat there is a set of devices working on
an electrical current, at turn off each  of  which  is  by-passed
though small - by(with) an electrical scintilla, invisible  to  a
human eye, as a scintilla in petrol  engines,  Lighting(sparking)
... mixture. But this time she(it)  burned  mixture  of  air  and
hydrogen: "gas of hydrogen". There was an explosion - likely  not
such strong completely into smithereens to deliver all  fore  end
of  an  atomic  submersible.  This  explosion   the    Norwegians
value as by force in 1-2  kgs  TNT  (actually  approximately  two
hundred g hydrogen). But his(its) force  has  sufficed  to  swell
Fore end of a submarine, and having torn her(it) on seams to make
some breacheds. Through them in the second  bay  began  to  slash
water, and in tank of this submarine in the second bay, where the
battery places accumulator,  some  tons  of  water  have  hitted.
She(it) has begun to flow downwards - in a battery well, and  has
sloshed her(it). But from it there  was  an  electroclosing.  The
upper conclusions of storage electrodes have become isolated by a
salt water. And under operation  of  a  potential  difference  on
electrodes  the  seawater  here  began  to  be   decomposed    to
components:  hydrogen  and  chlorine  (selected(allocated)   from
marine salt NaCl). And again from a scintilla has  thundered  the
second explosion, but one many times more awful - force up to ton
TNT. And the force  of  explosion  certainly  damaged  transverse
bulkheads - Not everything, but down to the fourth -  fifth  bay.
That through breacheds the  submersible  of  "Kursk"  was  almost
instantly  flooding,  and  the  majority  of  its(her)  crew,  is
probable 70 % were in bow bays has perished per one  second  from
explosion, and were in intermediate sections an one  minute  from
an inundation.
                        *****************
    From explosions of gas hydrogen the set of  submersibles  has
perished. Still in 1904 г from an accidentally open  manhole  the
small Russian submersible "Dolphin"  is  direct  in  harbour  has
sunk. But when her(it)  have lifted from  7  meter  depthes,  and
began to bail  out,  there  was  an  explosion  of  gas  hydrogen
selected(allocated) from accumulator of the battery. Mahlo that -
in 5 hours there was a second explosion, from which four men have
suffered.
    After  one  year  also  from  an  open  manhole  the  English
submarine A-8 has perished. But  IN  TWO  HOURS,  when  the  boat
already for a long time laid at the bottom - that by the external
spectators the underwater explosion was marked, and the  pile  of
water was lifted on height of three meters. Is quoted  under  the
book A.A. Narusbaev "Catastrophes in marine  depthes"  (Leningrad
1989 г): "the Explosions of gas hydrogen  happened  not  only  on
abnormal submersibles  as  a  result  of  selection  of  hydrogen
called(caused) by contact  of  accumulators  with  seawater.  The
selection of hydrogen was watched  and  at  charging  accumulator
batteries, that on boats of those times carried on to  derivation
of dangerous concentration of gas in an atmosphere  of  bays  and
explosions. It  were  French  submersible  "Algeria",   "Gimnot",
"Disgraces", American: "Octopus", "Stingrey", Italian "Foresail",
has sunk with the command 14 men, and others...
    For preventing explosions gas of hydrogen formed at  charging
of  accumulator  batteries,  on  boats  installed  high  capacity
systems of battery cooling, and also special instruments - (cold)
burn of hydrogen, in which the gas, passing through a stratum  of
the catalyst burn and turned to water.
    However,  accepted  measures  have  appeared   unsufficiently
effective. The explosions gas of hydrogen and fires from time  to
time happen UP. The similar crashes were especially spread in the
first quarter of our (twentieth) century. So in period with  1900
for 1930. On the American submersibles there were  22  explosions
of accumulator batteries. Only for January -  April,  1923  as  a
result of explosions of gas hydrogen and subsequent to it(him) of
fires has suffered six submersibles of the Japanese fleet.
    The heavy crash has taken place on October  9,  1933  on  the
English submersible L-26. At charging a bow  accumulator  battery
because of bad operation of battery cooling in bay has  blown  up
гремучий gas, then on a boat there was a fire... At explosion one
man eleven has perished were heavily burnt...  The  constructions
of strong and easy tanks of a submersible were seriously damaged.
    In 1936 and 1937 from  explosions  of  accumulator  batteries
heavily have suffered the American submersible S-40 and  Japanese
I-3. During the second world war as a result of  explosion  of  a
stern accumulator battery the American submersible  has  perished
"Robalo". About destiny "Robalo" it was  possible  to  learn(find
out) from fillipin  partisans,  having  link  with  the  American
seamen, who have hitted in captivity. The explosion  in  a  stern
room of a boat has taken place on July 26 1944  г,  when  she(it)
was in two  miles  from  western  coast(littoral)  of  an  island
П л в н. At explosion all crew, except for four men has  perished
which were possible managed shores. All four were seized  by  the
Japanese police and later have perished in captivity.
    After five years, August 25, 1949 during exercise  cruise  in
the Greenland sea  as  a  result  of  two  sequential  explosions
hydrogen of gas and  arisen  then  fire  has  sunk  the  American
submersible "Cochino". Seven men have perished,  from  which  the
six have died of burns...
    In 1955 on wharf in San Francisco the submersible "Pomodone",
one-type with "Robalo" has blown up... In April,  1988  a  strong
fire  вспыхнул  on  a  submersible  of  naval  forces   of    USA
"Bounefish".    A  reason  it(him)  was  of  honey  funguses    -
explosion of gas  hydrogen.  22  men  have  received  wounds  and
burns... "
    But in opinion of the author, not only these submarines  have
suffered from explosions of storage hydrogen. In a history  of  a
undersea  fleet  there  was  a  set  of  catastrophes,  when  the
submersible without leaving a trace  disappeared  in  depthes  of
oceans and seas. And is probable, that many from them have  taken
place on fault of internal explosions. So  for  example,  anybody
does not know, the American atomic submersible "Scorpion" why has
not returned to a port. Simply hydrophones were  fixed  a  strong
sound  -  by(with)  the    American    experts    it(him)    have
defined(determined) as a clap(cotton) crash  press  by  water  of
tank submersible, but in opinion of the  author  most  likely  it
there was  an  explosion  of  gas  hydrogen.  The  loss  "  of  a
"Scorpion" has taken place so instantly, that its(her)  crew  had
not time(was in time) to give of any distress call - at explosion
it it is simply impossible to have time(be in time). And is exact
as has  not  given  any  alarms  and  commander  of  the  Russian
submarine "Kursk".